Forensic Electrical & Telecom Engineering Blog

What is a Wide Area Network (WAN)?

A Wide Area Network (WAN) is a telecommunications system that connects multiple Local Area Networks (LANs) and Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) across regions. The Internet itself is documented as the largest WAN, linking billions of devices worldwide.

Dynamic ARP Inspection (DAI): Technical and Legal Perspectives

Have you ever wondered how a small protocol flaw can expose entire networks? Address Resolution Protocol, or ARP, is simple in design but susceptible to manipulation. Such vulnerabilities are sometimes discussed in legal disputes where network integrity is questioned.

Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI): Technical and Legal Relevance

How does a network keep track of many connections on the same line? That is where the Data Link Connection Identifier(DLCI), comes in. A DLCI is a numerical value that identifies virtual circuits in Frame Relay networks.

Fault-Managed Power Systems (FMPS)

The 2023 edition of the National Electrical Code (NEC) introduced something new: Class 4 power systems, also known as Fault-Managed Power Systems (FMPS).

What is Destination Service Access Point (DSAP)?

When reviewing network evidence, attorneys often encounter unfamiliar protocol terms. One of these is DSAP, which stands for Destination Service Access Point.

Network Interface Cards (NICs): Technical Functions and Legal Relevance

TechTarget says a network interface card (NIC) is a device. It connects a computer to a network. A NIC can be a separate card.

Logical Link Control (LLC) Explained for Legal and Technical Audiences

Let’s get to the point: Logical Link Control (LLC) is a sublayer within the data link layer of the OSI model. It manages logical communication between devices on a network, acting as the bridge between physical transmission and higher-level protocols.